Untitled Document

Laboratório de Polímeros Condutores e Reciclagem - Instituto de Química - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C. Postal 6154, 13083-970, Campinas-SP , Brazil
a Corresponding author

Abstract

In this work we describe the conditions of preparation and the electrical, mechanical, thermal and morphological characteristics of a conductive blend prepared by combining the elastomer poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene-monomer) and polyaniline doped with p-toluene sulfonic acid. Polymer mixtures were prepared in a mixer chamber (cam rotors) coupled to a rheometer. A higher mixing temperature improves the homogeneity of the mixtures, as seen by an increase in conductivity and in crosslinking efficiency. In spite of the good homogeneity, the mixtures are imiscible. Therefore, the formation of bonds between the high molar mass chains of polyaniline and the oligomers explain the increase of the conductivity with an increase in polyaniline content. The modulus values also increase by adding polyaniline to the rubber suggesting a reinforcement effect.

Anti Static Agents

Some plastics are good insulators, their low surface conductivity does not allow for the discharge of electricity; static electricity accumulates on their surface. Static electricity occurs on the surface of plastics from vigorous frictional contact, especially in dry environments. If the humidity is higher than 65%, problems with static electricity build up are zero. However, if the product is produced in a plastic that is particularly susceptible to static electricity build up, and the humidity is below 20%, then anti static agents must be incorporated into the plastic. Plastics which are particularly susceptible to the accumulation of static electricity are polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, nylon, polyesters, urethanes, cellulose, acrylic, and acrylonitrile.

The build up of static electricity can provide serious and dangerous situation. Dust and dirt particles can build-up on the surface contaminating the part or interfering with sound reproduction of recording devices. Static buildup on people passing over synthetic fiber carpeting or plastic floor covering will provide a shock as the charge flows off to a door handle or other conductive surface. Films and sheet plastic cling together and cause production delays. Powders being transported in vacuum feed systems can lump together causing a blockage of the system. Sparks generation from a large static charge can ignite dust or solvent air mixtures. Anti-static agents (either internally mixed into the plastic or applied external to the plastics) can effectively reduce the buildup of charges on the surface of plastic materials by increasing surface conductivity.

http://www.chaseelastomer.com/sda.htm
Antistatic compounds

Chase Elastomer's family of static dissipation/antistatic compounds are formulated specifically for the roller industry. Rubber compounds can be formulated in a wide range of electrical resistances from highly conductive to highly resistive, depending on the characteristics of their compounding ingredients. In the roller industry, numerous applications take advantage of this ability to tailor electrical resistance across a broad spectrum. Rubber compounds are used in rollers to complete electrical circuits (as in electrostatic assist gravure), to insulate an electrical circuit (as in corona treating), to dissipate static buildup (in antistatic rollers) or other applications which depend upon their unique electrical properties and physical characteristics.

The two primary ingredients used to alter the electrical characteristics of an elastomer are conductive carbon black and antistatic agents. Conductive carbon black results in the greatest reduction in resistivity, but at the expense of the dynamic properties of the compound. Antistatic agents reduce resistivity, but not to the same degree as conductive carbon black. However they do not alter color or dynamic properties.

Antistatic rollers are used to avoid two main problems:

Contaminants (such as lint and dust) sticking to the surface of the rollers or substrates.

The danger of explosion or fire resulting from sparks caused by static buildup.

Chase Elastomer offers five elastomers with antistatic properties: BUNA, Neoprene, EPDM, Hypalon and Silicone. The addition of antistatic properties does not alter the basic characteristics of these elastomers (such as chemical resistance, abrasion resistance, tensile strength and tear strength).

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=1717249&iid=4:1:3:128080
Antistatic foamed polymer composition - blend of thermoplastic polymer, elastomer, electroconductive carbon black and a blowing agent

A foamable antistatic polymer composition comprising: (a) at least one thermoplastic polymer selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyacetate, poly(acrylic acid), poly(acrylic acid anhydride), polyacrylate, poly(vinyl chloride) and abs and epdm graft polymers thereof; (b) at least one elastomeric polymer selected from the group consisting of natural rubber, butadiene rubber, poly(butadienestyrene), epdm, butyl rubber, poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile) and chlorinated polyethylene; (c) conductive carbon black having a bet surface area of at least 500 m2/gram; and (d) a blowing agent; wherein the weight ratio of component (a) to component (b) is between 80:20 and 10:90; and wherein component (c) comprises between 5 and 25 weight percent of the total weight of components (a), (b), (c) and (d); and wherein component (d) comprises between 2 and 20 weight percent of the total weight of components (a), (b), (c) and (d).

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=1178939&iid=4:1:2:456495
Antistatic footwear - vinyl chloride polymer, blended with nitrile rubber or polyvinyl acetate

A composition suitable for fabricating low density foamed from a composition comprising a vinyl chloride polymer, a non-ionic antistatic agent, an ionic antistatic agent and a stabilizer for the vinyl chloride polymer, said ionic antistatic agent being present in an amount of from 2 to 8 parts by weight per hundred parts of said vinyl chloride polymer, said stabilizer consisting essentially of a nonmetallic stablizer being present in an amount of from 3 to 10 parts by weight perhundred parts of said vinyl chloride polymer, said vinyl chloride polymer being blended with a minor proportion of material selected from the group consisting of nitrile rubber and polyvinyl acetate, and said outside having a shore a hardness in te range 40 to 65 and an electrical resistance of from 5 x 10*4 to 5x 10*7 ohms.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=1761851&iid=4:1:3:136702
Antistatic material comprising (a) quaternary ammonium salt (b) peg having a molecular weight in the range 2000-5000 and (c) rubber or pvc - low electrical resistance

An antistatic material consisting essentially: (a) at least one base material selected from the group consisting of rubber and polyvinyl chloride resin, (b) a cationic quaternary ammonium salt, and (c) polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 2000-5000.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=2762670&iid=4:1:3:419425
Antistatic resin blends comprising abs graft copolymers and ethylene oxide copolymers - acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer with polyoxyethylene glycol polymer or copolymer on rubber substrate

An antistatic resin composition comprising a mixture of: 100 parts by weight of an ABS graft copolymer comprising as component monomers an acrylonitrile compound and a vinyl aromatic compound in a weight ratio of 10:90 to 50:50; 5 to 30 parts by weight of an ethylene oxide copolymer containing at least 50 wt. % of ethylene oxide and additionally 2-phenylphenyl glycidyl ether or 1-naphthylglycidyl ether, said copolymer having a refractive index (nd20) of at least 1.50 and a reduced viscosity, 0.1 g/dl solution in chlorobenzene at 80* C., of 1 to 5.

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Antistatic resin composition - nitrile graft copolymer

An antistatic resin composition with an anti-washing property comprising: (1) 100 parts of a nitrile copolymer comprising (a) 7 to 100% of a nitrile graft copolymer with a graft ratio of 4 to 50% obtained by polymerizing (a) 20 to 95 parts of a monomer mixture of 20 to 90% of an unsaturated nitrile and 10 to 80% of at least one vinyl and/or vinylidene monomer copolymerizable therewith in the presence of (b) 5 to 80 parts of a rubber trunk polymer predominantly comprising a conjugated diolefin, the sum of the quantities of the monomer mixture and the rubber trunk polymer amounting to 100 parts, and (b) 0 to 93% of a nitrile random copolymer containing 20 to 90% of an unsaturated nitrile; and (2) 0.05 to 10 parts of one or more antistatic agents selected from the group consisting of anionic, cationic, nonionic, nonionic-anionic, and amphoteric surfacants; all quantities in terms of parts and percentages being by weight wherein the rubber trunk polymer is dispersed in a resin matrix in a mutually bridged state, said resin matrix being a free copolymer formed from that portion of the monomer mixture which is not grafted onto the rubber trunk polymer, or a combination of said free copolymer and the nitrile random compolymer.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=2617617&iid=4:1:3:379382
Antistatic shoe sole - polyurethane outer side, rubber insert; discharging static electricity along path of least resistance

A shoe sole comprising: a polyurethane outer sole having an electrical resistance of approximately 40 MOhms in a standard wet/dry test and an electrical resistance of approximately 20 MOhms in a standard wet/wet test conducted according to British Standard 2050, and a rubber sole insert having an electrical resistance of approximately 1 MOhm positioned adjacent the outer sole such that static electricity in the sole insert is capable of discharging from the sole insert along a path of least resistance through the outer sole.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=1885050&iid=4:1:3:171591
Antistatic thermoplastic composition - blend acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer with epihalohydrin copolymer with oxirane compound

An antistatic thermoplastic composition comprising: (a) 80% or more by weight of a copolymer having a rubber substrate and a rigid phase, said rigid phase including an acrylonitrile and a vinyl aromatic compound and being substantially free of non-nitrilated acrylic compounds; and (b) 20% or less by weight of an epihalohydrin copolymer of an epihalohydrin and an oxirane-containing comonomer, wherein the ratio by weight of said epihalohydrin to said oxirane comonomer is equal to or less than 1:1; wherein said epihalohydrin copolymer is present in an amount such that said antistatic thermoplastic composition has improved antistatic properties in comparison to said antistatic thermoplastic composition wherein said epihalohydrin copolymer is absent.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=2514201&iid=4:1:3:350783
Antistatic thermoplastic polymers - styrenic polymers comprises polyethylene oxide and a lithium salt and ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol or triethylene glycol

An antistatic thermoplastic styrenic polymer composition consisting essentially of a styrenic polymer selected from the group consisting of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, Alpha methylstyrene-acrlonitrile copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene copolymer, acrylonitrile-butadiene- Alpha -methylstyrene copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer blended with a poly)C3 to C10 alkyl acrylate) rubber grafted with a styreneacrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer blended with a polybutadiene rubber grafted with a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, and styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer blended with an ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer rubber grafted with a styreneacrylonitrile copolymer, and a) from about 1 to about 30 parts by weight of a polyethylene oxide of weight average molecular weight in the range of 100,000 to 4,000,000 per 100 parts by weight of the styrenic polymer; b) from about 0.5 to about 15 parts by weight of a glycol per 100 parts by weight of the styrenic polymer wherein the glycol is represented by the formula HO(CH2CH2O)nH and n is in the range of 1 to 3; and c) from about 0.1 to about 3 parts by weight of a lithium salt per 100 parts by weight of the styrenic polymer; wherein the weight ratio of the glycol to the polyethylene oxide is in the range of about 0.2 to about 1, wherein the lithium salt is selected from the group consisting of lithium chloride, lithium bromide, lithium iodide, lithium nitrate, lithium sulfate, lithium acetate, lithium citrate, lithium fluorosilicate, and the hydrates of these salts, and wherein the weight ratio of the lithium salt to the sum of the weight of the polyethylene oxide and the glycol is in the range of about 1:15 to about 1: 3.

http://online.sfsu.edu/~jge/html/process_additives.html
Blowing Agents

A blowing agent is an organic or inorganic substance that acts either chemically or physically to produce a foamed plastic. The blowing agents reduce the amount of plastic required to produce a part, thus reducing weight and also reducing cost. Small qualities of blow agents are added to improve stiffness, insulation, remove sink marks, and imparts the ability to produce thicker wall section. The amount of blowing agent will determine the porousity of the plastic. Products that are possible because of blowing agents are simulate leather, cushioned vinyl flooring, packaging, sponges, coffee cups, and bedding.

Blowing agents are normally introduced into the plastic prior to processing. Blowing agents chemically react to form gas cells or they expand physically forming the foamed structure. Chemical blowing agents decompose at high temperatures to produce a gas that expands the plastics material. Physical blowing agents expand with heat to force a cellular structure. The most common blowing agents are hydrochlorofluorocarbons, methylene chloride, methyl chloroform, n-pentane, isopetane, acetone, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water. Chlorofluorocarbons were formly used but have been phased out because of their effect of the earth ozone cover.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/library/elsevier/effect/display.exe?action=render&rendertype=abstract&uid=MASPEC.S1387380600003225&iid=3:9:798&local=&jcode=MASPEC
Characterisation of synthetic polymer systems
James H. Scrivensaa & Anthony T. Jacksona
[Original article] International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 2000, 200:1-3:261-276

a ICI, Science Support Group, Wilton Technical Centre, PO Box 90, Middlesbrough, Cleveland TS90 8JE, UK
a Corresponding author. Tel. 01642 432287; fax 01642 432287
Email: jim_scrivens@ici.com

Abstract

Mass spectrometry has been used in the study of synthetic polymer systems since the 1960s. The application has been, for the most part, limited to the characterisation of polymer additive systems and polymers that had either been chemically or thermally degraded. The advent of newer ionisation approaches, coupled with the development of analyser technology, has led to the reappraisal of mass spectrometry for this work. Molecular weight distributions have been obtained and information on end groups and chemical variation with molecular weight has been measured. Polymer microstructure has
been probed with information obtained on partial and, in some cases, complete sequence for oligomeric systems. Fundamental work to support these developments is needed and is being carried out. Information on gas-phase polymer conformations has been obtained and an important link with calculation established. The future of the approach, particularly when used in conjunction with other complimentary chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques, looks promising.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/library/elsevier/effect/display.exe?action=render&rendertype=abstract&uid=POLYME.S0032386100008004&iid=6:1:1005&local=&jcode=POLYME
Chemical deposition of conducting polymers
A. Malinauskasa
[Full Length Article] Polymer 2001, 42:9:3957-3972

Institute of Chemistry, Goštauto Str. 9, LT-2600 Vilnius , Lithuania
a Tel.: +37-2-729-350; fax: +37-2-617-018
Email: albmal@takas.lt

Abstract

The coating of different materials with conducting electroactive polymers (CEP), i.e. polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, and their derivatives, provided by means of chemical polymerization, is briefly reviewed. The topics covered include the deposition of CEP (i) by bulk oxidative chemical polymerization, (ii) by surface-located polymerization, and (iii) by coating of micro- and nanoparticles. The coating of different materials like polymers, polymer particles, ion-exchange membranes, glass, fiber, textile, soluble matrices, inorganic materials is reviewed. The literature reviewed covers a 5-year period, beginning from 1995.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/library/elsevier/effect/display.exe?action=render&rendertype=abstract&uid=EPJ.S0014305799001573&iid=3:4:976&local=&jcode=EPJ
Conducting carbon black filled EPDM vulcanizates: assessment of dependence of physical and mechanical properties and conducting character on variation of filler loading
Premamoy Ghosha & Amit Chakrabarti
[Full Length Article] European Polymer Journal 2000, 36:5:1043-1054

Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Calcutta University, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Calcutta 700 009, India
a Corresponding author

Abstract

The effects of incorporation of different extents of extra conducting carbon black as filler on some selected physical and mechanical properties, aging behavior and DC electrical conducting character of vulcanizates of ethylene-propylene diene monomer (EPDM) based compounds have been studied. Increasing carbon black loading caused a monotonic increase in density and hardness and in tensile strength with a leveling off trend for carbon black filler loading >40 phr. Elongation at break of the initial EPDM vulcanizates, however, passes through a maximum corresponding to 20 phr carbon black loading; the position of the maximum shifts to 30 phr carbon black loading on aging of the vulcanizates at 135°C for 7 days. DC electrical conductivity measurements of the filled EPDM vulcanizates indicate a percolation concentration range over 15-30 phr of conducting carbon black loading. Trends of change in voltage (V) developed with increase in the current (I) applied for the carbon black filled EPDM vulcanizates at different temperatures commonly indicate ohmic behavior for application of current up to a critical level. Beyond the critical current (IC), the developed voltage becomes practically insensitive to large enhancements in the applied current; the filled vulcanizates, thus, exhibit non-ohmic character for I>IC. An attempt has been made to analyze and interpret the observed effects. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) generally increases on increasing the carbon black loading. Vulcanization substantially contributes to enhancement in the EMI SE of the filled EPDM compounds.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/search/search.exe?action=Search&keywords=antistatic+and+rubber&Submit=Search&restrictions=&max=10&tocwhole=TOC@@LIB&tocwhole=TOC@@DAT&from=50
Databases
Conduction of electrostatic charges by rubber pipes.
Publication date 1985 Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology Abstracts

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=2139154&iid=4:1:3:245248
Copolymers of ethylene oxide as antistatic additives - high molecular weight solids added to thermoplastic polymers used as molding materials; heat resistance; electrical apparatus

An antistatic polymeric composition comprising: (a) at least one antistatic additive of an ethylene oxide copolymer in the range of from about 3 to about 30% by weight, said antistatic ethylene oxide copolymer being a solid, nonionic material having a dilution solution viscosity of greater than 0.;25 grams per milliliter as determined on a solution made up with 0.25 grams of the polymer in 100 grams of toluene according to ASTM D2857, said copolymer excluding epihalohydrin; and (b) a polymeric material, excluding olefins, selected from the class consisting of: copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile; terpolymers of styrene, acrylonitrile and diene rubber; copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile modified with acrylate elastomers; copolymers of styrene and acrylonitrile modified with ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber; polystyrene; rubber modified impact polystyrene; polycarbonates; thermoplastic polyesters; polyurethane; polyphenylene oxide; polyacetals; polymethyl methacrylate; and mixtures thereof in the range of from about 70 to about 97% by weight, wherein said ethylene oxide copolymer comprises (i) ethylene oxide in the range of from about 5 to about 95% by weight; and (ii) at least one cyclic comonomer represented by the formula: 2-R1,2-R2,3-R3,3-R4-OXIRANE containing up to 25 carbon atoms, wherein R1, R2, R3, and R4 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, saturated aliphatic and cycloaliphatic, monoolefinic aliphatic and cycloaliphatic, diolefinic (conjugated and non-conjugated) aliphatic and cycloaliphatic, aromatic, aralkyl, and alkaryl groups, and wherein at least one of R1, R2, R3, and R4 is not hydrogen; said cyclic comonomer in the range of from about 95 to about 5% by weight of the total weight of said ethylene oxide copolymer, said ethylene oxide copolymer having a weight average molecular weight of from about 20,000 to about 5,000,000.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/fizchem/KKFdisplay.exe?action=render&jcode=KKF&rendertype=fulltext&uid=KKF.KKF9907161443064058795&iid=3:1:1:17764
DIN EN 28031. Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies. Determination of electrical resistance. (ISO 8031: 1987). German version EN 28031: 1993

Source details: Dtsch. Norm 1993, p.1-4.

Abstract
Diese Internationale Norm beschreibt Verfahren zur elektrischen Pruefung von Gummi- und Kunststoffschlaeuchen sowie von Schlauchleitungen, um den Widerstand von leitfaehigen, antistatischen und nichtleitfaehigen Schlaeuchen, die elektrische Verbindung zwischen montierten Armaturen und die elektrische Unterbrechung zu bestimmen.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/fizchem/KKFdisplay.exe?action=render&jcode=KKF&rendertype=fulltext&uid=KKF.KKF990716144440510572&iid=3:1:1:24500
DIN ISO 2878. Rubber, vulcanized. Antistatic and conductive products. Determination of electrical resistance. Identical with ISO 2878/1987

Source details: Dtsch. Norm 1994, p.1-11.

Abstract
Diese Internationale Norm legt ein Pruefverfahren zum Bestimmen des elektrischen Widerstandes von antistatischen und leitenden Artikeln und Erzeugnissen fest, die gaenzlich oder teilweise aus Elastomer hergestellt wurden, dessen zwischen zwei genau festgelegten Punkten gemessener elektrischer Widerstand, wenn sie neu sind, 1 x 10(exp 8) Ohm nicht uebersteigt und dessen Leitfaehigkeit vom Russsatz und/oder anderen geeigneten Substanzen zum Hauptteil des Werkstoffes herruehrt: Pruefung auf einer Oberflaeche, Pruefung zwischen zwei Oberflaechen, Pruefungen an Erzeugnissen, die an metallenen Teilen haften oder daran angeklammert sind, Pruefungen am Schlauch, Pruefungen an Anaesthesie-Atembeuteln, Pruefungen von Moebelfuessen, Moebelpuffern, textilen Matten und Schuerzen, Pruefungen an abnehmbaren Raedern, die eine Ableitung von der Laufflaeche zur Felge haben, Pruefung an Fussbekleidung, Pruefungen an flachen Treibriemen und Pruefungen an Synchron-Treibriemen (gezahnten Transmissions-Treibriehmen). Entwurf November 1994 - Einsprueche bis 28. Feb. 1995.

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Electrically conductive/antistatic sheeting - synthetic rubber and electroconductive filler, dielectric backing

A flexible sheeting having conductivity and a surface resistivity of less than 10**6 ohms on one surface thereof, comprising: a first layer of a rubber composition filled with from about 25 to about 40 percent by weight of an electrically conductive filler selected from the group consisting of carbon black, powdered metal and mixtures thereof, the percent by weight of said electrically conductive filler being based on the total weight of the rubber and the electrically conductive filler in said composition; and a second layer of a plastic film material which, prior to incorporation in said sheeting, has asurface resistivity of at least 10**6 ohms and which is bonded to said first layer.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=2752444&iid=4:1:3:416543
Electroconductive resin composition, antistatic coating and molded article - containing polyphenylene ether or mixture with styrene resin, carboxylic acid amide wax having high softening point, carbon black, optionally rubber, conductive inorganic filler, polyolefin, nonconductive filler

An electroconductive resin composition comprising: (a) about 100 parts by weight of a polyphenylene ether or a mixture of a polyphenylene ether and a styrene resin having a weight ratio of polyphenylene ether:styrene resin of less than 100:0 to greater than about 5:95; (b) about 1 to about 50 parts by weight of a carboxylic acid amide wax having a high softening point which comprises a tetramide compound represented by formula (2): R9-CONH-R7-HNOC R6-CONH-R8-HNOC-R10, wherein R6 is a divalent organic group, R7 and R8 are each the same or different divalent organic groups, and R9 and R10 are each the same or different monovalent organic groups; (c) about 5 to about 35 parts by weight of a carbon black having a dibutylphthalate adsorption of about 70 ml/100 gm or more; (d) optionally 0 to about 50 parts by weight of a rubber material; (e) optionally 0 to about 50 parts by weight of an electroconductive inorganic filler; (f) optionally 0 to about 20 parts by weight of a polyolefin resin; and (g) optionally 0 to about 30 parts by weight of a nonelectroconductive inorganic filler.

http://online.sfsu.edu/~jge/html/body_functional_additives.html
Flame Retarding Agents

Most thermoplastics are highly flammable while thermoset plastic are inherently flame retarding. Flame retarding agents, either organic or inorganic, are used to lower the flammability of all types of plastics. Flame retarding agents work in four basic ways: (1) they influence the combustion of the plastics by reacting with them, (2) they provide insulating properties, (3) they coat the product and exclude oxygen from supporting the combustion, and (4) they provide an outside cooling reaction.

The most common flame retardants are boron, nitrogen, halogens, antimony and phosphorus. Many flame retarding agents are neutralized by process temperatures, ultraviolet light, and the present of oxidative agents. To meet fire retarding requirements, most flame-retarding thermoplastics have two or more types of flame retarding agents. The addition these chemicals reduces the probability of plastic burning in first phase of a fire. The flame retarding ability of thermoplastics depends on the size and type of fire. But even plastics that contain the most effective flame retarding agents will not resist combustion in a strong fire.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/fizchem/KKFdisplay.exe?action=render&jcode=KKF&rendertype=fulltext&uid=KKF.KKF991222150841483702&iid=3:1:1:101294
Improving the practicality of moulded parts by means of multicomponent techniques
Kuhmann, K.; Drummer, D.; Ehrenstein, G.W.

Source details: Kunststoffe 1999, 89 : 9 p.112-114,116.

Abstract
The article deals with an experimental investigation into properties and performance of composites using electrically conductive and magnetic fillers carried out at Univ. Erlangen-Nuernberg, Germany. It informs about the materials used (antistatic composites: PES/mica (coated with antimony/tin oxide),PES/SrFe magnetic composites, and a POM/copper powder composite that exhibits improved thermal conductivity), the properties of test samples (mechanical characteristics, matrix/filler adhesive strength), and briefly discusses the results of the work (diagrams). It is concluded that the materials investigated are suited in principle for use with multi component injection moulding processes.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=0641784&iid=4:1:2:278168
Lithium chloride as antistatic agent in rubber latex composition and use of said latex

There is dissolved the use in rubber latex of lithium chloride dissolved in the aqueous phase of rubber latex so as to impart antistatic characteristics to the deposit formed on drying the latex. the amount of lithium chloride preferably equals from 1 to 15% by weight of total solids in the latex composition. there is also disclosed the use of this latex in conjuction with any articles of manufacture to dissipate any charge of static electricity that might otherwise build up therein. thus it can be used in the manufacture of carpets for example as an adhesive to secure the tufts which form the face of the carpet to the backing material such as the primary jute backing. the normal propensity of such carpet to build up a charge of staticelectricity is thus greatly reduced.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=0983617&iid=4:1:2:387280
Method for preparing a polyurethane foam comprising quaternary ammonium salt as antistatic agent

A method for preparing an antistatic polyurethane foam comprising reacting polyol with polyisocyanate to form a polyurethane foam in the presence of about 0.05 to 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the polyol of a quaternary ammonium salt as an an antistatic agent selected from the group consisting of: (c12h25n(ch3)3)cio4, (c12h25(ch3)2c2h4oh)clo4, c12h25-n(+)(-ch3)2-c2h4-oh (4-ch3-phenyl)-so3(-),and a mixture thereof.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/fizchem/KKFdisplay.exe?action=render&jcode=KKF&rendertype=fulltext&uid=KKF.KKF99071614455006410015&iid=3:1:1:48435
New advances in high performance composites for the protective clothing market
Carroll, T.R.

Source details: J. Coated Fabr. 1995, 24 : Apr p.313-321.

Abstract
Nach einer einfuehrenden Betrachtung der Entwicklungsgeschichte werden die grundlegenden Stoffmerkmale fuer Schutzkleidungswerkstoffe auf 'chemischer' Basis entwickelt. Genannt werden: 1. weitgehende Chemikalienbestaendigkeit, 2. gute physikalische Eigenschaften, 3. Feuerbestaendigkeit und 4. antistatische Eigenschaften. Als wuenschenswert fuer die weitere Verarbeitung wird leichte Versiegelbarkeit genannt. Eine kurze Diskussion wuenschenswerter Materialeigenschaften beschliesst die Ausfuehrungen.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=2241000&iid=4:1:3:274782
Organic polymer material having antistatic property, elastic revolution body and fixing device using the same - durability, sustained release of antistatic agent

An elastic revolution body having a layer characterized by its elasticity, said layer comprising an organic polymer composition obtained by thermally molding a mixture comprising: (a) an organic polymer comprising a silicone rubber and (b) a porous inorganic fine powder having an average particle size of 1-70 microns and carrying a liquid antistatic agent dispersed in said organic polymer, said liquid antistatic agent being selected from the group consisting of a surfactant, a polyether-modified silicone oil and an amino-modified silicone oil; said porous inorganic fine powder having an oil absorption of at least 100 ml/100 g, wherein the liquid antistatic agent is releasably contained by the porous inorganic fine powder such that the liquid antistatic agent is gradually emitted from the powder and supplied to the organic polymer during use to enhance an image fixing capability of said elastic revolution body.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=1150169&iid=4:1:2:446118
Process for imparting antistatic properties to rubber - adding conductive carbon black and vulcanizing

In the process for imparting antistatic properties to rubber by blending the rubber with conductive carbon black, vulcanizing the resulting blend and forming the rubber, the carbon black having been made by subjecting hydrocarbons, which are liquid at room temperature, to thermal conversion at 1000* to 2000* c, under pressures within the range 1 and 80 atmospheres absolute, and in the presence of oxygen or an oxygencontaining gas, scrubbing the resulting carbon black-containing gas with water and separating the carbon black from the aqueous phase, the improvement which comprises intimately blending the aqueous, carbon black-containing phase with vaporizable liquid aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons at temperatures within the range 5 to 120* c, under pressures within the range 1 to 20 atmospheres absolute, at a ph-value of 7 to 10, and for a period of 1 to 20 minutes, separating liquid matter from the carbon black then heating and thereby freeing it from hydrocarbons and water, annealing the carbon black for 20 to 30 minutes at 200* c up to 2200* c and admixing the carbon black having a water absorption stiffness (as-number) of 15 to 35, a specific electrtic resistance of 10-1 up to 10-3 ohms . cm under a moulding pressure of 100 to 180 atmospheres absolute, a bulk density of 100 to 180 g/liter, and a bet-surface area of 100 to 1000 m2/g with rubber material in an amount of about 5 to 40 weight %.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/fizchem/KKFdisplay.exe?action=render&jcode=KKF&rendertype=fulltext&uid=KKF.KKF990716144658754620&iid=3:1:1:86193
Rollers for industrial applications made of plastic and rubber
Zeppernick, F.

Source details: Gummi, Fasern, Kunstst. 1998, 51 : 8 p.645-650.

Abstract
The paper is part of a series (previous part: this journal 51 (1998) 6, 522-529). The article informs about: 1. additives, which are suited for modifying the properties of roller surfaces, such as plasticizers, antistatic agents, light stabilizers, and a variety of inorganic particulate additives (e.g. quartz, feldspar, ceramics), 2. rollers of anisotropic design, and 3. the use of lasers in the manufacture of rollers. The technical characteristics and areasof application of the rollers are outlined (illustrating photograps). To be continued.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=2239033&iid=4:1:3:274300
Rubber composition - vulcanizable synthetic rubber, ethylene oxide adduct of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, bloom resistance, antistatic properties, tensile strength

A rubber composition comprising (a) 100 parts by weight of a synthetic rubber and (b) from 0.5 to 10 parts by weight of an alkylene oxide adduct of a saponified ethylene-saturated carboxylic acid vinyl ester copolymer.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=2680285&iid=4:1:3:396770
Silicon composition and elastic roller using the composition - electrographic fixing roll, chemically bound antistatic agent, silicone rubber

An elastic roller having a surface layer of a solid silicone rubber composition, said solid silicone rubber composition having been prepared by reacting a silicone composition mixture comprising (A) a vinyl group-containing organopolysiloxane, (B) an organohydrogenpolysiloxane, and (C) an unsaturated ester compound having (i) a perfluoroalkyl group containing 1-20 carbon atoms, (ii) a vinyl group represented by the formula CH2=C(-R2)-CO- wherein R2 is hydrogen or methyl and (iii) a polyoxyethylene group having 5-30 ethylene oxide units, said mixture having been reacted in the presence of a platinum-based catalyst.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/fizchem/KKFdisplay.exe?action=render&jcode=KKF&rendertype=fulltext&uid=KKF.KKF990716144702674555&iid=3:1:1:85420
Structuring and special effects in polymer systems containing carbon black
Narkis, M.

Source details: Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.) 1998, 39 : 1 p.62-63.

Abstract
The electrical conductivity of carbon black (CB) /polyethyleneas well as CB/silicone rubber systems were examined and interpreted. With increasing temperature CB/PE showed first a PTC effect in the polymer melting region,followed by a rapid resistivity decrease (NTC). In order to eliminate the undesired NTC effect crosslinking is afforded leading to a high reproducibility by thermal cycling. The resistivity behavior of carbon black filled silicone rubber under cyclic loading and the dielectric behavior was studied. A model was designed which can predict the resistance-strain-history relations for relaxation and tension. The dielectric behavior is subject to interfacial polarisation, the so-called Maxwell-Wagner effect. At last conductive immiscible polymer blends (a model PE/PS, PP/PC, HIPS/SIS (high impact PS/styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock copolymer), HIPS/LLDPE and a PP/PA blend) with a low carbon black loading were studied with respect to carbon black migrations within the multi-phase system. The effects of blend composition, blending procedure etc. on the conductivity and structure were investigated. The use of conductive composite systems containing verylow CB concentrations for injection molded antistatic containers for the electronic industry was mentioned.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/library/elsevier/effect/display.exe?action=render&rendertype=abstract&uid=EPJ.S001430579800072X&iid=3:4:600&local=&jcode=EPJ
Thermal and mechanical behaviour of a conductive elastomeric blend based on a soluble polyaniline derivative
Wilson A. Gazotti Jra, Roselena Faeza & Marco-A. De Paoliab
[Full Length Article] European Polymer Journal 1999, 35:1:35-40

a Laboratório de Polímeros Condutores, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, C. Postal 6154, 13083-970, Campinas-SP, Brazil
b Corresponding author

Abstract

The electrical, mechanical and thermal behaviour of a conductive polymer blend prepared by combining the elastomer poly(epichlorohydrin-co-ethylene oxide), which presents ionic conductivity when containing LiClO4, and a soluble derivative of polyaniline, poly(o-methoxyaniline) doped with p-toluene sulfonic acid, is described in this work. This mixture presents electrical conductivity sufficient for substitution with advantages to the existing conductive elastomers in several applications. Concentrations of the electronic conducting polymer up to 10% (w/w) increase the electrical conductivity of the elastomer by three orders of magnitude, with no changes in its mechanical properties. With 50% (w/w) of poly(o-methoxyaniline), the electrical conductivity of the mixture reaches 10-3 S cm-1. Thermal stability of the components are affected by the mixture. DSC and SEM experiments indicate phase separation in the blend.

http://polymer.chemweb.com/databases/ifi/renderer/display.exe?jcode=IFIC&action=render&rendertype=fulltext&uid=3094082&iid=4:1:3:496205
Thermoplastic elastomer composition - blend containing crystalline polyolefin, hydrogenated styrene block polymer, softeners, peroxy compound and carbon black

A thermoplastic elastomer composition comprising: a composition obtained by dynamically heat-treating, in the presence of an organic peroxide, a mixture consisting of: (I) a crystalline polyolefin resin (A) in an amount of 10 to 50 parts by weight, (II) an olefin rubber (B) in an amount of 20 to 60 parts by weight, (III) a styrene block copolymer (C2) in an amount of 5 to 25 parts by weight, said copolymer (C2) comprising a polymer block (c-1) of styrene or its derivative and a polymer or copolymer block (c-2-2) which is an isoprene polymer block, a butadiene polymer block or an isoprene-butadiene copolymer block, wherein the total content of 1,2-bonds and 3,4-bonds in an isoprene polymer portion is not more than 30%, and not less than 97% of unsaturated bonds are hydrogenated, (IV) a softener (D) in an amount of 5 to 40 parts by weight, the total amount of said components (A), (B), (C2) and (D) being 100 parts by weight, (V) optionally, a peroxide non-crosslinked hydrocarbon rubber (E) in an amount of 1 to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the crystalline polyolefin resin (A), the olefin rubber (B), the styrene block copolymer (C2), the softener (D) and the peroxide non-crosslinked hydrocarbon rubber (E), and (VI) optionally, at least one additive selected from the group consisting of heat stabilizer, antistatic agent, weathering stabilizer, anti-aging agent, filler, colorant and lubricant, and having a gel content of not less than 97%.

Takaisin